Live Stock

Native moist Eczematous Syndrome in cattle: an epidemiological-clinical investigation in Jhapa Nepal: A Case Study

Abstract;

A hyperemic moist eczematous syndrome was reported in cattle and Buffales in Jhapa district of Nepal during the month of September after prolong spell of drought followed by heavy rain water causes loging.A total 56 cattle and buffalo were affected and out of 12 animals died.Rest swere bad animal treated with 5% of alcohol Antidegnala Pentasulfate.Straw And skin samples revealed Penicillium sp.Fungus.

Literature Review:

Facial eczema is a disease of sheep and cattle that occurs in the warmer districts the North Island during late summer and autumn and is responsible for serious production losses in some years. This is caused by a fungus, Pithomyces chartarum, that proliferates on dead plant material on the grass under the warm, humid conditions. The minute spores of this fungus contain a substance, sporidesmin, which produces severe toxic effects on the liver. The appearance of the livers of affected animals varies, according to the severity of injuries, from slight mottling in light patches in gross discoloration, distortion, and atrophy of large areas. Often severe damage portion is surrounded by new liver tissue. As a result of damage This function of the liver is impaired. Blockage of the bile ducts may prevent the excretion of waste substances in the bile, for example, fat and skin accumulation of bile pigments, derived from the normal breakdown of old red corpuscles, produces jaundice or yellow staining commonly seen in the carcasses of affected sheep. Of particular importance is the inability to urinate phylloerythrin the substance. It was built in the digestive tract of ruminants by the degradation of chlorophyll and is absorbed from the intestine and carried the liver, where it is normally excreted in bile. If this excretory mechanism is upset, phylloerythrin supplies passes into the bloodstream throughout the body. Phylloerythrin asset one type of fluorescent pigments which are capable of making the skin sensitive to sunlight, causing redness, severe itching, swelling, and scab formation. It are the effects, usually displayed in front of the affected animals but also in other unpigmented skin exposed to light, such as teats and udders of cows, which give rise the popular name "facial eczema". The skin effect is, however, secondary to more severe impairment of liver function.

The fungus that produces spores that contain toxins sporidesmin requires a number of environmental conditions that occur in order for it to survive and replicate. The fungus only grow on dead leaves litter, no green grass growing, and therefore the time of year when grass is dead or has a lot of dead litter at the base is in Summer and Autumn. Topping pasture will increase the amount of dead leaf litter on the basis of pasture. Other environmental conditions required by the fungus is the base of a grass temperature above 10 degrees Celsius continuously for a period of 2-6 days, and a moisture level equivalent to 5mm of rain. Heavy dews and high relative humidity may force the same needs moisture as rain itself.

Epidemiology

Animal factors

• sheep, cattle, deer susceptible

• horse fighting

Plant / environmental factors

• fungus growing on dead litter leaves of grass

• most often perennial rye grass pasture, but may occur in other species

• require heat and moisture to promote rapid fungal growth and sporulation

• involve the typical weather conditions of autumn rains break after summer dry, several days of consistent heat (T º C> 15.5 º C) and high humidity (> 80%)

• fungus spores that concentrates toxic can be shared across the entire pasture grass

• most toxic part of the pasture is based on lawn

Clinical Signs

• initial dullness, lethargy and loss of appetite

• variable onset of jaundice and photosensitisation.

• Some animals may die without either being observed

• photosensitisation:

or sheep – non oil skin including the muzzle, ears, face, escutcheon

or maybe – not black pigmented areas including teats

or another – generally

• Some animals develop chronic ill-thrift

• Some progress in a hepatic encephalopathy

• dullness, depression

• tremor, recumbency

Necropsy

• skin lesions – photosensitization

• Chronic – swollen liver mottled

• Chronic – severe hepatic fibrosis, nodular surface

• often have atrophied left lobe

• marked fibrosis of the bile duct

Test

• History

• Clinical signs

• Clinical pathology

• necropsy

Treatment

Anti Degnala • 5% alcohol 5-10ml S / c I o / m 4time alternate days for weeks

• Penta-sulphate 30-60g orally for 10 days

• supportive therapy

Control

• meteorological data allows prediction of potential hazardous weather

• region spore count data supplements the above

• spore count on the farm to identify dangerous pastures

• graze

or pastures with low spore

pastures or long for short periods

• alternative feed – hay, silage, crops

• zinc oxide as a prophylactic

• benzimidazole fungicides to inhibit fungal growth

• Breed for resistance

• vaccine development in developing

About the Author

Dr.Kedar Karki
M.V.St.
Preventive Veterinary Medicine
Vet. Officer
Central Veterinary Laboratory

Dairy Cattle and Milk Production; Prepared for the Use $18.28

YiXing,Fine hand cattle production,Gong Fu tea supplies $19.00

Approved Practices in Beef Cattle Production Juergenson $3.94

Principles of Cattle Production, C. J. C. Phillips, Ver $31.93

Classic Meat Production Pigs/Hogs/Pork/Cattle Films DVD $17.99

VINTAGE C.B.F.M.F (FARMING OR CATTLE PRODUCTION) PINBAC $12.99

NEW Dairy Cattle and Milk Production: Prepared for t… $22.31

Beef Cattle Production, Kenneth A.; albaugh, Reuben; ha $9.97

BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION Raise Butcher “Grow” Your MEAT $10.65

Principles of Cattle Production NEW by C.J.C. Phillips $96.91

Brahman Cattle, Hacienda Guachipelin, Near Rincon De La Vieja National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica Photographic Poster Print Brahman Cattle, Hacienda Guachipelin, Near Rincon De La Vieja National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica is digitally printed on archival photographic paper resulting in vivid, pure color and exceptional detail that is suitable for any museum or gallery display. Finding that perfect piece to match your interest and style is easy and within your budget!…

Brahman Cattle, Hacienda Guachipelin, Near Rincon De La Vieja National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica Photographic Poster Print Brahman Cattle, Hacienda Guachipelin, Near Rincon De La Vieja National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica is digitally printed on archival photographic paper resulting in vivid, pure color and exceptional detail that is suitable for any museum or gallery display. Finding that perfect piece to match your interest and style is easy and within your budget!…

Texas Stamp Scrapbook Paper …

Cattle Annie Little Britches $99.97 Amanda Plummer and Diane Lane are perfect complements in the title roles. Cattle Annie, as played by Plummer, is assertive, questioning, and somewhat rambunctious. In contrast, Lane’s character is a lot like Barbara i One Day At A Time. The two young ladies get in the middle of Legendary Marshal Bill Tilghman’s attempts to take the gang led by Burt Lancaster. The dialogue is sensational, and the a…

Cowboy Days: Daily World of the Contemporary American Cowboy $25.00 Cowboy Days was filmed on six working ranches in Texas and Colorado where the heritage and passions of ranch lief have never really changed. Though their numbers may be dwindling, working cowboys are still very much a part of the American West – living a life as timeless as the land on which it endures. Saddle up and join Buster the Cowboy as he leads you through the daily world of the contemporar…